Peer-Reviewed Papers
Synthetic Morphology
Parsa, A., Pai, V., Caspar, L., Pigozzi, F., Witkowski, O., Levin, M. (2025) Bidirectional Communication Between Xenobot Cultures? Toward Collective Intelligence Across Diverse Biological Systems. ALIFE 2025: Ciphers of Life Conference, Kyoto, Japan, doi: 10.1162/ISAL.a.911
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Varley, T. F., Pai, V. P., Grasso, C., Lunshof, J., Levin, M., & Bongard, J. (2025) Identification of brain-like complex information architectures in embryonic tissue of Xenopus laevis organoids. Communicative & Integrative Biology, 18(1), doi: 10.1080/19420889.2025.2568307
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G. Gumuskaya, N. Davey, P. Srivastava, A. Bender, L. Pio-Lopez,D. Hazel, M. Levin (2025), The Morphological, Behavioral, and Transcriptomic LifeCycle of Anthrobots, Advanced Science, doi: 10.1002/advs.202409330open_in_newISSN
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Blackiston, D., Dromiack, H., Grasso, C., Varley, T.F., Moore, D.G., Srinivasan, K.K., Sporns, O., Bongard, J., Levin, M., Walker, S.I. (2025), Revealing non-trivial information structures in aneural biological tissues via functional connectivity, PLoS Computational Biology, 21(4): e1012149 doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012149
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Pai, V.P., Pio-Lopez, L., Sperry, M.M., Erikson, P., Tayyebi, P., Levin, M. (2025), Basal Xenobot transcriptomics reveals changes and novel control modality in cells freed from organismal influence, Communications Biology, 8(646)doi: 10.1038/s42003-025-08086-9
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Solé, R., Conde–Pueyo, N., Pla–Mauri, J., Garcia–Ojalvo, J., Montserrat, N., Levin, M. (2024), Open problems in synthetic multicellularity, npj Systems Biology and Applications 10, 151 (2024) doi: 10.1038/s41540-024-00477-8
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Yang, B., Nasab, A. M., Woodman, S.J., Thomas, E., Tilton, L.G., Levin, M., Kramer-Bottiglio, R. (2024), Self-Amputating and Interfusing Machines, Advanced Materials, 2400241; doi:10.1002/adma.202400241
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Gumuskaya, G., Srivastava, P., Cooper, B. G., Lesser, H., Semegran, B., Garnier, S., and Levin, M. (2023), Motile Living Biobots Self-Construct from Adult Human Somatic Progenitor Seed Cells, Advanced Science, doi:10.1002/advs.202303575
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Clawson, W. P., and Levin, M. (2023), Endless forms most beautiful 2.0: teleonomy and the bioengineering of chimaeric and synthetic organisms, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 139(4): 457-486
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Blackiston, D., Kriegman, S., Bongard, J., and Levin, M. (2023), Biological Robots: Perspectives on an Emerging Interdisciplinary Field, Soft Robotics, 10(4): 694-686
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Kriegman, S., Blackiston, D., Levin, M., and Bongard, J. (2021), Kinematic self-replication in reconfigurable organisms,
Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 118(49): e2112672118
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Levin, M. (2021), Life, death, and self: Fundamental questions of primitive cognition
viewed through the lens of body plasticity and synthetic organisms,
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 564: 114-133
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Ebrahimkhani, M., and Levin, M. (2021), Synthetic living machines: A new
window on life, iScience, 24(5): 102505
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Blackiston, D., Lederer, E., Kriegman, S., Garnier, S., Bongard, J., and Levin, M. (2021),
A cellular platform for the development of synthetic living machines, Science Robotics, 6(52): eabf1571
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Levin, M. (2021), Unlimited plasticity of embodied, cognitive subjects: a new playground for the UAL framework, Biology and Philosophy, 36(2): 17
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Biswas, S., Manicka, S., Hoel, E., and Levin, M. (2021), Gene Regulatory Networks
Exhibit Several Kinds of Memory: Quantification of Memory in Biological and Random Transcriptional Networks,
iScience, 24(3): 102131
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Levin, M., Bongard, J., and Lunshof, J.E. (2020), Applications and ethics of computer-designed organisms, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 21(11): 655-656
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Kriegman, S., Blackiston, D., Levin, M., and Bongard, J. (2020), A scalable pipeline for designing reconfigurable organisms, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States, 432(2): 605-620
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